Love Opera Now Showing in Cinemas around Australia and New Zealand. lives as they prepare to share the stage with international talent on opening night. CFA Movie Seminar - Fr Peter Malone msc, Film Faith-Peter Malone (part-time) National Pastoral Institute, Elsternwick, Vic. From chaining themselves to coal trains, sitting high in the canopy of threatened rainforest or locking onto bulldozers, their non-violent tactics are designed. OP AMP NON INVESTING SUMMER CAMP

In order to gather this information, questions were inserted into two separate surveys during February and March It must be noted that this was only one year after the release of the first film of the trilogy, The Fellowship of the Ring, and just after the international release of The Two Towers. It has also been noted in TNZ research that generally there is a destination selection time by international visitors of more than 6 to 12 months prior to travel TNZ, c.

Second, an existing online survey on the purenz. The main findings and conclusions of the report were most visitors and potential visitors were aware of the LOTR films. A majority of visitors and potential visitors had watched one of the films, and 95 percent of current visitors knew that LOTR was filmed in New Zealand. Sixty-five percent of potential visitors noted that they were more likely to visit New Zealand as a result of the films or the associated publicity.

The scenery presented in the films and publicity was the main influencing factor. It was additionally identified that the films raised awareness of New Zealand, and this increased motivation or likelihood to visit New Zealand. This included the four principles above, and reinforced the change in focus over the previous decade to on the value of tourists, rather than the number of tourists. A few features of this collective behaviour is that they are more likely got to the cinema, as well as other contemporary and historical cultural experiences, and they are also more likely to be high users of technology TNZ, d.

One of these projects identified the decision-making process of interactive travellers TNZ, c. From this research TNZ identified interactive travellers had relatively short planning times, and placed importance on technology in this process. Nonetheless, friends and family were the most important source of information and recommendations. The main focus in the pre-site visit was searching for places to visit and things to do, rather than places to stay and how to get around, and was identified as a key phase in the holiday experience.

Contrastingly, the decisions made before visiting the destination are for accommodation and transport. Again a lot of these plans are investigated and confirmed via websites. Basically, the icons of the destination are identified before travelling and the holiday is based around these icons. Then the accommodation and transport is booked before travelling, to get to the first icon at least.

Once in the country, there is much more reliance on the information collected prior to travelling and information from locals and information centres to get to the other pre-trip identified icons. The interactive traveller in the pre-site stages collects amounts of information, mainly from the internet about a proposed destination induced sources. These sources provide expectations of the icons of the destination and a general travel plan is created.

When on- site the extensive expectations are compared to the real experience and this would either confirm or contradict expectations. At this stage many interactive travellers have the capacity to change their travel behaviour due to the low levels of pre-confirmed arrangements, and thus can dramatically modify their overall satisfaction levels, as compare to a pre-determined trip without the flexibility to modify dissatisfying travel experiences.

LOTR and other films are very prominent on the TNZ website, as noted above, and websites are a primary source of travel information. Even though there may be a perceived lack of credibility with the website, due to its induced agent nature, it would be likely that the films, and especially LOTR, will become destination icons of New Zealand, and consequently be a feature of a general travel plan. Additionally LOTR is often mentioned in other information sources regarding New Zealand, reinforcing not only the iconic feature, though also the credibility.

Thus the LOTR locations and tours of the movies identified on the website, match well with the icon features noted by the TNZ decision making research and assistance in identifying the information required by the interactive traveller. Nonetheless, what was missed in the TNZ research on interactive travellers was what sparks the initial destination motivation and choice, the organic images that create or influence the awareness of and motivation to visit a destination.

The Figure 1 model 11 portrays the importance of organic images in the initial image formation and motivation to visit a site. The model also shows how organic images create awareness, availability and expectations, along with induced images, and form the basis of the decision-making process. Thus LOTR, for the ideal interactive traveller, would have also been a source of the motivating and image enhancing organic image.

This would be especially reinforced by LOTR and New Zealand coverage in the general media targeted, by TNZ through the international media hosting programme to the interactive traveller. Especially of interest to the author was how the LOTR films created motivations and awareness of New Zealand and the influence of these in the pre-site anticipation phase of travel, and how these translated into the decision to visit New Zealand.

With the original aim and objectives of the survey it must be noted that there are some limitations for analysis for this new perspective; these issues will be discussed in the conclusion. Third, the influence of the LOTR films on destination selection will be presented. These results will identify the flow of the Figure 1 model from organic image exposure, in the form of the films and associated general media.

The results will then imply the role of the induced images, through to destination choice. Demographic and Travel Profile Table 2 presents the demographic characteristics of the VIN face-to-face survey sample. As can be identified slightly more females responded.

Fifty-five percent of respondents under 34 years and 22 percent were over 55 years. The age profile of the sample differs greatly from the international visitor population, except for the older age cohorts. Thus the country of origin did not reflect overall international tourist characteristics to New Zealand, where traditionally Australians would normally out number any other visitor group 3 to 1 at the least.

Just over 50 percent of respondents came from countries with English as a first language. Nonetheless, this should not limit the awareness of LOTR as the books and films of LOTR have been translated and released in many countries around the world. The inherent sampling difficulties of surveying at visitor information centres lead to certain groups being under represented; this may also explain some differences in the demographic profiles. Undertaking surveys at visitor information centres inherently under samples repeat visitors, or those that have already obtained information from other sources such as guide books or accommodation providers.

Information centre surveys also inherently under sample those visiting friends and relatives VFR , or those in organised tours, as the hosting group are commonly used as the source of information. Again, business travellers are also generally under represented in visitor information centre surveys. As would be expected, the purpose of visit is largely focused on holiday and vacation visitors, under representing VFR and business travellers.

First time visitors to New Zealand additionally make up a dominate part of the sample, over represented as compared to the IVS. The differences between the high levels first time visitors could be in part explained by repeat visitors knowing about the 13 area being visited, and thus not going to information centres.

Also this could be explained, in part, by now knowing people in New Zealand from previous trips that they have other information sources at their disposal. Those surveyed also were predominately travelling alone, as couples or with friends. This does in part reflect the IVS travel party, though over states the couple and friends, and understates family groups.

This is also represented in the numbers that have watched each of the films. Three quarters of those surveyed had watched The Fellowship of the Ring, whilst just over half had watched The Two Towers. The results also show that those that have watched The Two Towers have watched both films. This translates to 95 percent of those that are aware of the LOTR films knew that they were made in New Zealand before they arrived. This also indicates that the association TNZ has created between the films and the place, New Zealand, with the international media hosting programme has worked extremely well.

It must be additionally noted that in the many interviews not in New Zealand with the stars and those behind the camera did explicitly talk about New Zealand, and very positively as well. What these results do indicate is that the organic agent of the films did create a memorable image. The association then created between the LOTR and New Zealand in the general media, another organic agent, was also very effective and complemented the memorable images of the films.

The image was additionally inherently positive, as reflected in the fact that those aware of the films, and that they were filmed in New Zealand still decided to visit. This indicates that the LOTR films and the general media coverage added to the complexity of the image of New Zealand provided additional grounds or basis for a decision to be made, not necessarily a specific reason or motivation to visit.

Thus, some of this information may have also been sourced from induced sources, such as the website mentioned above. Nonetheless, the above indications are still valid, and would in fact further emphasise the development of the link between the films and New Zealand in inducing people to check the website. On the other hand, people thinking of visiting a long haul destination, such as New Zealand, would generally complete a detailed information search, including the internet.

In fact it was not noted as a decision making factor at all by many. Of the two, one had worked on the film, and the other wanted to see if scenery was like in the film and to see were the film was made. An additional 64 people stated LOTR was a reason, though not the main reason. In total 8. As noted above, these limitations will be further discussed in the conclusion.

Nonetheless, those 66 international visitors that stated that LOTR was a reason for visiting New Zealand were then asked what specifically about the films encouraged them to visit, Table 7. The scenery presented in the films was identified as the major motivator. Though there were also a proportion of LOTR fans. The depth and time requirement to identify this depth was not available in the implementation of this long survey.

The scenery responses do reflect the core images of TNZ promotional material. There is also growing awareness of PPE and especially for tourism. Nonetheless, the process of film generating PPE is generally not appreciated and thus understated when assessing the effects of films on a destination. It has been identified that films create awareness and motivations to visit a destination.

They also build on the existing images of a destination and enhance the complexity of that image. The images held are the basis of expectations, and hence selection of a destination from a selection in the evoked set. The matching or comparison of expectations to experience then provides levels of satisfaction or a satisfaction gap.

The role of organic agents in image building, decision making and in satisfaction has become increasingly important in New Zealand where, with the growing and internationally successful film industry, the use of film images has increased for tourism promotion. The use of the films and the general media articles, as organic images, was complemented by TNZ direct promotional efforts using images and associations with the films; induced images.

Nonetheless, reports on the influence of the films on the image of New Zealand were largely anecdotal. The report showed a direct influence of LOTR on travel behaviour, though at relatively low levels. The data from the VIN face-to-face survey was kindly supplied to the author for further analysis. This enhancement of the image, through these organic and induced sources, was subsequently converted into travel behaviour, where visitors noted the role of LOTR as a decision making factor. There were not many questions focused on LOTR in the long survey, additionally they were largely summative.

By summative it is meant that the questions summarised or assumed precursors in the question, these were then indicated by the response though could not be concluded, thus the results summarised a number of responses in one question. From this issue, as noted above, the results indicate a strong link between LOTR and New Zealand, as shown by the awareness of the films being shot in New Zealand.

A direct link between the films is also identified. Though the link between the LOTR and travel behaviour to New Zealand may be underplayed by not identifying lower though still significant levels of importance in the decision making process. On these issues, and as relayed through the above discussion, the research was included in a much larger pre-existing survey.

The timing and existence of the Visitor Information Centre VIC survey fitted well with the timeframe the information need was identified. Thus the VIC survey was also the most logical and expedient move to gain access to international visitors. This is also in an environment with increased security, especially at locations were international visitor congregate such as airports, which increasingly limits access to larger numbers of visitors for the purpose of research.

Extending the individual survey timeframe was also limited so not to deter potential interviewees. The survey was also responsive to a need to find information about the impacts of the image building strategy within a short timeframe. Nonetheless in a longer term initiative by TNZ they continue to monitor the role of LOTR through the International Visitor Survey IVS , though again these 17 are limited by tight timeframes and limited ability to obtain detailed information from respondents.

The implementation of a programme of complementary image building agents by TNZ has been a significant investment in resources and image, and one that has arguably paid off. The images presented in the LOTR films are indicatively positive for international travellers, and the explicit association with New Zealand developed in the general media and direct promotional materials has supported the positive image. This also indicates that there is more research require to further determine exactly how good LOTR has been for New Zealand tourism, and what specific impact LOTR has had on the image of New Zealand as a tourism destination.

Research should also determine the translation of this enhanced image into travel behaviour. This may also include change in behaviour in the destination, such as visiting LOTR film sites, though not an overall determinate of the visit to New Zealand. This research will need to take a longer term view, especially considering the time taken in the decision making process, and the staggered time of release and exposure LOTR will have.

Leisure Sciences. Anderton, J. Auckland: Auckland Regional Council. Baloglu, S. Annals of Tourism Research. BBC News. Tourism, Culture and Communication. Belch, G. McGraw Hill: Boston. Bruce, D. Otago Daily Times. Burns, D. Driver, M. Lee, D. Anderson, and P. June 8th. Busby, G. A group of young Catholics in Chicago took this new approach very enthusiastically and, with a great deal of energy, began to prepare and publish study guides on all kinds of films.

Many of these booklets found their way to Canberra. Their impact was infectious so, in an inspired or deluded? Our Novice Master told us at the beginning of the novitiate year that a habit begins with the first act. So, from Saturday Night to Sunday Morning, I have developed a habit of doing a discussion film on most of the films that I have seen although I am still a thousand or more behind in getting them all done. That means that this could be the greatest folly of my life or something quite special.

I hope the latter even if the former is true! A long process Before I indicate of what use these discussion sheets might be, I should add that those on this site are part of an ongoing process. They began by being hand-written and then typed during the s by some MSC students and some very good and patient friends.

By , I had worked out that it was better to jot some notes and then speak the material on to tape and have them transcribed. This is the moment to pay tribute to a person who has been listening to me for now over thirty years and I know she will feel that this material appearing on this site is some sort of satisfaction for spending so much of her life listening and typing.

Actually, the dates are, March to October, , more than 37 years. Since , it has been a little easier since the typing was straight onto the computer. However, in recent years, there has also been the task of scanning the discussions originally on paper into the computer — and she has done that too. Thanks seems, at this moment, a rather inadequate word of appreciation of what Phyl has done.

This is obviously the place to acknowledge his encouragement and support and the fact that I saw quite a number of the films on the list with him. Some more thanks. What does the discussion resource offer? So, what will you find here? A growing resource for those who want to reflect on films or who want to use them for education and religious purposes.

I had better ask for indulgence from potential users and remind them that my style of questions has changed somewhat over 36 years and it would be nice to edit their content and style. However, there is no time and I know readers will make allowances. I also decided not to update most of the reviews.

Basically, the discussion sheet is a tool — like one of those informative websites that looks a bit flat because it is all written information without artwork. So, here is the writing more than you need, probably plus a poster. Format The format is this: The poster though the majority were lost in when the site was moved to another housing site , Credits country of origin, year of release, running time — which cannot always be trusted, sources often differ and films are cut, re-edited, but it gives some idea - and whether the film is in black and white or colour, Principal cast, Director.

Then follows a range of suggested questions. The first couple are general, helping readers and viewers to think about the film as film. Then we move into the questions of values and issues. Often, the development of the questions will follow the plot outline of the film.

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Nonetheless, the foreign exchange market is an international market that stretches from major financial centers like Sydney and Tokyo in the East to all the way to San Francisco in the West - all located in vastly different time zones. By the time traders in Tokyo go home after work, banks are not even open in New York, which operates during forex market hours est - from 8 a. Eastern Standard Time. Because the Forex market operates in multiple time zones, it can be accessed at any time.

Yet, seasoned traders know that there is an unofficial concept of Forex market hours. Understanding Relationship Between Currency Pairs, Trading Volume, and Time Zones You see, the global currency market is dominated by large banks, commercial companies taking part in import and export of goods and services, central banks, hedge funds, and retail forex traders.

According to the contract between two parties, the Australian car importer would settle the invoice amount on the first hour of Monday. As soon as the banks open in Tokyo, the Australian importer will need to convert its Australian Dollars to Japanese Yen in order to pay for the cars to the Japanese car manufacturer. As the payment for cars would a substantial amount, the demand for the Japanese Yen will suddenly go up early on Monday morning, which will turn the Yen bullish. This is just a simple example, but this is the reason why often prices start to move, and trends are created.

The point of this illustration is to make a point that when Japanese and Australian banks are open to conducting international transactions, there is a high probability that the respective currencies, such as the Australian Dollar and the Japanese Yen, will experience increased trading volume. Consequently, the prices of these currencies will fluctuate more compared to outside of the banking hours.

Why You Should Trade During Certain Forex Trading Hours Theoretically, it is true that there is no central exchange in the Forex market, and anyone can buy and sell currencies any time of the day or any day of the week. Nonetheless, to trade a Forex pair, you need a counterparty. To buy something you need someone else to sell you want you are trying to buy and vice versa.

This is why in practice; you should spend your active trading hours when there are ample buyers and sellers in the market. Even if some brokers allow trading during the weekends, the prices of various currency pairs hardly move on Saturday and Sunday. If you are a short-term day trader, who opens and closes trades within a day, trading outside banking hours in major financial centers around the world will also feel like you are trading during the weekend.

Because if major financial institutions and professional traders are not placing huge orders that move the market, there is no reason for the solid trends to take place. Hence, the concept of Forex Market Hours derives from the notion that when major financial markets are open in a given time zone, the volume and liquidity in the market remains high, which in turn reduces the difference between the bid and ask prices and helps traders to fill their orders relatively easily without incurring slippage.

After all, as a retail Forex trader with limited capital, you will not be in a position to move the market. You will solely rely on larger players like banks and institutional investors to create the trends and hopefully catch a few to turn a profit. This is why short-term retail Forex traders should trade only during active banking hours and avoid looking for trading opportunities when the forex market hours clock stops ticking. Dollars to get some British Pound for pocket money at an Airport Foreign Exchange Kiosk after arriving in London, in the middle of the night, it would be also considered as a foreign exchange trade.

However, as you can guess by now, large billion-dollar, cross-border, transactions do not happen at 3 a. Moreover, not all branches of a certain big bank will do these large-scale cross-border transactions. For example, a small branch of the Bank of America in Louisville, Kentucky. However, its downtown Manhattan branch in New York will certainly engage in large-scale foreign exchange deals. Similarly, a branch of the Swiss multinational investment bank, UBS Group AG, in Bangkok will have a lower transaction volume in the Forex market compared to its branch located in a major Asian financial hub like Singapore.

Therefore, liquidity and volatility are usually higher when markets are open in these time zones. Besides banks engaged in commercial cross-border currency transactions, institutional investors and hedge funds speculating in the international stock exchanges also generate a high volume of foreign exchange transactions. Hedge funds with international exposure often buy and sell a large number of stocks across the globe to diversify their portfolios. Coincidentally, some of the major forex exchange hubs also host the major stock exchanges.

So, cross-border investments that require moving funds from one end of the globe to another generally contributes to a higher level of trading volume in the global foreign exchange market. Furthermore, when banks and stock exchanges in more than one major financial centers are open simultaneously, the trading volume and liquidity go up substantially.

Figure 2: Best Time to Trade Forex - Based on Trading Volume in Different Forex Market Hours This is why the beginning of the New York trading session has usually generated the bulk of the trading opportunities for short-term traders because it opens when the London trading session is also open across the Atlantic. Hence, if you overlay the trading volatility in a forex market hours chart, you can see that it spikes up when trading begins in the financial center located next in the time zone.

And so Overlapping hours of the London trading session and the New York trading session is the best time to trade forex, since the market is most active. The Choice of Your Forex Market Hours Depends on Your Strategy If you are a swing trader or a trend trader who likes to keep positions open overnight or several days at a time, then paying attention to the forex market hours chart in figure 2 may not be that important.

However, most Forex traders are day traders and different trading sessions based on the time zone and geographic location of the financial centers around the world will have a substantial impact on the bottom line. When the price trends and closes higher or lower for the day or week, it usually starts earlier in the trading session.

You also want to be able to get in and out of the market easily. So the best times of day to trade Forex is when it is highly liquid. Having said that, the Forex market is the most liquid market in the world. You can buy or sell at any time. Spreads are usually tighter at these times too, which reduces your trading costs.

This is another reason why these times are the best times of day to trade Forex. The best times of day to trade Forex by trading session Since there are three main trading sessions, there are three times each day that are the best times to trade Forex. Each trading session is not necessarily and equally the best time to trade though. It really depends on what is happening in the market.

Also, this does not mean you should trade every day or at each of these times. However, you will observe that these times often do provide the best times to trade. When you optimize your market timing and the entry and exit price, you can limit risk and maximize your potential to profit.

It takes practice and experience but you can check your price charts and observe this in action. The image below shows the best times of day to trade Forex during daylight saving time. You can convert these times to your local time or follow the time in the market watch window.

Trading volumes and liquidity differs during each Forex trading session. Which means volatility will likely be higher or lower at certain times of the day and during each trading session. Volumes, liquidity and volatility are also different between currency pairs. Some currency pairs are naturally more volatile than others. The most liquid and most volatile times to trade under normal market conditions is when the EU and US sessions overlap.

Spreads are tighter during these times and the price tends to trend better too. In my opinion, the best opportunities can be found at the beginning of the US session. The second best times of day to trade are at the beginning of the EU session and the London open.

The least liquid time is during the Asian session. The Asian session is also categorized by lower volatility and wider spreads. This is particularly the case shortly after the market rolls over. If you open a trade around this time, your transaction cost will likely be higher.

In my opinion, the Asian session is the third best time of day to trade Forex. The market tends to consolidate and become range bound during this time. Of course, this all depends on your trading style and strategy….. The best currencies to trade and what times to trade them Now that you know when to look for the best trading opportunities, also consider what currencies to trade. The best currencies to trade and at what time to trade them, is related to the trading session. Ideally, you would want to be following currencies that are active for the session.

This is to name just a few but I think you get the idea. These are the most active trading sessions so it will be. You just might be able to get an optimal trade entry for this currency pair during the Asian session. Generally speaking, it will be to your advantage to trade currency pairs for those countries that are online at the time.

I would suggest observing what the price does and has done during these times on your chart. You can decide what currency pairs to trade depending on your findings and what suits you. Trading is not an exact science, there are no certainties and markets do change over time. It is about determining patterns and trends, assessing probabilities and balancing risk vs potential reward.

Timing is just one variable in Forex trading that could help stack the probabilities in your favor. It is a good idea to pay attention to it. The best currency pairs to trade at night I appreciate that you probably have a job and this might make it difficult to trade during the day. Naturally, you will be considering what the best currency pairs to trade at night are. If you are in an Asian time zone, you are somewhat in luck. This is because you could catch most of the European session and the open of the US session at night.

For traders in a European time zone, night time trading would allow you to catch the second part of the US session and the Asian session open. Night time trading in a US time zone would involve trading during the Asian session. If you are inclined to trade in the early hours of the morning, you could also catch the European and London open.

However, it is worth mentioning that just because you have opened your trading platform, this does not mean that you must find a trade. Being proactive in the market rarely works out for the best. Instead, you should be reactive. React to events and the signals the market gives you. Sometimes the best position is not to have a position and simply do nothing. You should only trade when you think the risk is relatively low and the probabilities of success are in your favor. When doing your analysis of the markets, you have choices in how to trade as well as the execution.

Such as trading over longer time frames and using pending orders. Alternatively, you can execute at the most optimal times from your smartphone. There are as many ways to trade as there are traders. This is all just a suggestion and should be used together with other indicators and signals.

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It is best to go back to the beginning to try to explain what is on this site, how it got there and how you might be able to use it.

Elsternwick cinemas session times forex	The implementation of a programme of complementary image building agents by TNZ has been a significant investment in resources and image, and one that has arguably paid off. Karekare Beach, where the piano was left in the film, as depicted in the poster, is now a film induced tourism site receiving visitors from around the world Thompson,elsternwick cinemas session times forex exemplified in a later film set in the area Topless Women Talk about Their Lives. There is now a very competitive environment trying to seduce film producers to make their films in specific locations. Undertaking surveys at visitor information centres inherently under samples repeat visitors, or https://bookmakersports.website/mohu-leaf-placement-tips-for-better/6167-red-mile-betting.php that have already obtained information from other sources such as guide books or accommodation providers. He blamed Lincoln, his manager, but Lincoln denied this. The scenery responses do reflect the core images of TNZ promotional material.
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Elsternwick cinemas session times forex	There were not many questions focused on LOTR in the long survey, additionally they were largely summative. Meanwhile, in the United States, saw the establishment of the Legion of Decency, an approach to movies that was more cautious, alert to possible objections and difficulties before considering the movie as a whole. Tourism, Culture and Communication. Startling as the story is, it is made to appear quite feasible. One of these projects identified the decision-making process of interactive travellers TNZ, c. First time visitors to New Zealand elsternwick cinemas session times forex make go here a dominate part of the sample, over represented as compared to the IVS. Again a lot of these plans are investigated and confirmed via websites.
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Elsternwick cinemas session times forex	Houpt, S. Not everyone agreed with that approach, but I was lucky enough to have a number of confreres and Annals readers who were supportive. What has been identified is that films, and other fictional media, create associations with the stars, stories and location presented. In two of these film strips, the Melbourne Exhibition Buildings can be recognized. Lincoln has the literary taste, the business qualifications, and wide experience as a showman to justify him in taking this step. Tourism New Zealand.
Forex bank manipulation strategy map	Nonetheless, the process of film generating PPE is generally not appreciated and thus understated when assessing the effects of films on a destination. May 9. The boys at gymnastic exercises. Especially of interest to the author was how the LOTR films created motivations and awareness of New Zealand and the influence of these in the pre-site anticipation phase of travel, and how these translated into the decision to visit New Zealand. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand. A series of films showing activities of the girls at the Pakenham farm home, including: a.

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Nonetheless, the foreign exchange market is an international market that stretches from major financial centers like Sydney and Tokyo in the East to all the way to San Francisco in the West - all located in vastly different time zones. By the time traders in Tokyo go home after work, banks are not even open in New York, which operates during forex market hours est - from 8 a. Eastern Standard Time. Because the Forex market operates in multiple time zones, it can be accessed at any time.

Yet, seasoned traders know that there is an unofficial concept of Forex market hours. Understanding Relationship Between Currency Pairs, Trading Volume, and Time Zones You see, the global currency market is dominated by large banks, commercial companies taking part in import and export of goods and services, central banks, hedge funds, and retail forex traders. According to the contract between two parties, the Australian car importer would settle the invoice amount on the first hour of Monday.

As soon as the banks open in Tokyo, the Australian importer will need to convert its Australian Dollars to Japanese Yen in order to pay for the cars to the Japanese car manufacturer. As the payment for cars would a substantial amount, the demand for the Japanese Yen will suddenly go up early on Monday morning, which will turn the Yen bullish. This is just a simple example, but this is the reason why often prices start to move, and trends are created.

The point of this illustration is to make a point that when Japanese and Australian banks are open to conducting international transactions, there is a high probability that the respective currencies, such as the Australian Dollar and the Japanese Yen, will experience increased trading volume. Consequently, the prices of these currencies will fluctuate more compared to outside of the banking hours.

Why You Should Trade During Certain Forex Trading Hours Theoretically, it is true that there is no central exchange in the Forex market, and anyone can buy and sell currencies any time of the day or any day of the week. Nonetheless, to trade a Forex pair, you need a counterparty.

To buy something you need someone else to sell you want you are trying to buy and vice versa. This is why in practice; you should spend your active trading hours when there are ample buyers and sellers in the market. Even if some brokers allow trading during the weekends, the prices of various currency pairs hardly move on Saturday and Sunday. If you are a short-term day trader, who opens and closes trades within a day, trading outside banking hours in major financial centers around the world will also feel like you are trading during the weekend.

Because if major financial institutions and professional traders are not placing huge orders that move the market, there is no reason for the solid trends to take place. Hence, the concept of Forex Market Hours derives from the notion that when major financial markets are open in a given time zone, the volume and liquidity in the market remains high, which in turn reduces the difference between the bid and ask prices and helps traders to fill their orders relatively easily without incurring slippage.

After all, as a retail Forex trader with limited capital, you will not be in a position to move the market. You will solely rely on larger players like banks and institutional investors to create the trends and hopefully catch a few to turn a profit. This is why short-term retail Forex traders should trade only during active banking hours and avoid looking for trading opportunities when the forex market hours clock stops ticking.

Dollars to get some British Pound for pocket money at an Airport Foreign Exchange Kiosk after arriving in London, in the middle of the night, it would be also considered as a foreign exchange trade. However, as you can guess by now, large billion-dollar, cross-border, transactions do not happen at 3 a. Moreover, not all branches of a certain big bank will do these large-scale cross-border transactions.

For example, a small branch of the Bank of America in Louisville, Kentucky. However, its downtown Manhattan branch in New York will certainly engage in large-scale foreign exchange deals. Similarly, a branch of the Swiss multinational investment bank, UBS Group AG, in Bangkok will have a lower transaction volume in the Forex market compared to its branch located in a major Asian financial hub like Singapore. Therefore, liquidity and volatility are usually higher when markets are open in these time zones.

Besides banks engaged in commercial cross-border currency transactions, institutional investors and hedge funds speculating in the international stock exchanges also generate a high volume of foreign exchange transactions. Hedge funds with international exposure often buy and sell a large number of stocks across the globe to diversify their portfolios. Coincidentally, some of the major forex exchange hubs also host the major stock exchanges. So, cross-border investments that require moving funds from one end of the globe to another generally contributes to a higher level of trading volume in the global foreign exchange market.

Furthermore, when banks and stock exchanges in more than one major financial centers are open simultaneously, the trading volume and liquidity go up substantially. Figure 2: Best Time to Trade Forex - Based on Trading Volume in Different Forex Market Hours This is why the beginning of the New York trading session has usually generated the bulk of the trading opportunities for short-term traders because it opens when the London trading session is also open across the Atlantic.

Hence, if you overlay the trading volatility in a forex market hours chart, you can see that it spikes up when trading begins in the financial center located next in the time zone. And so Overlapping hours of the London trading session and the New York trading session is the best time to trade forex, since the market is most active.

The Choice of Your Forex Market Hours Depends on Your Strategy If you are a swing trader or a trend trader who likes to keep positions open overnight or several days at a time, then paying attention to the forex market hours chart in figure 2 may not be that important. However, most Forex traders are day traders and different trading sessions based on the time zone and geographic location of the financial centers around the world will have a substantial impact on the bottom line.

Since Forex trading is a global business that covers every time zone. These Forex trading sessions are known as; The Asian session The European session The US session Each of these three Forex trading sessions overlaps with another session for some time before the daily close. Then the market rolls over from the US session, back to the Asian session and the cycle repeats.

I will use the time in the market watch window on the MT4 and MT5 trading platform for the start and end times for each trading session. This time is the trading server time and is the standard time for the New York close price charts. You can find this time in the top left hand side of the trading platform. The trading times for each forex trading session during daylight saving time are; Asian session: — European session: — US session: — What is important when trading Forex is that you are aware of when these times are, wherever you are in the world.

You should be able to easily convert these times in terms of your local time. The Asian Forex trading session categorically begins at the start of the business day in Wellington, New Zealand. It ends at the close of the business day in Tokyo, Japan time. The European Forex trading session begins at the start of the business day in Frankfurt, German time. It ends at the close of the business day in London, UK time.

It also ends at the end of the business day when the NYSE closes. Forex trading times and sessions smartphone app You might find this useful. If you have an Android smart phone, you can download this FX hours app. It shows you when each Forex trading session opens and closes in terms of your local time. See the screen shot below. Here is something similar for iPhone users. Now I will explain why knowing all this can be used to your advantage.

The best times of day to trade Forex The best times of day to trade Forex are when markets open or early in the trading session. Why is that? It is because more participants are coming online and the number of transactions tends to increase. This creates more supply and demand and pushes the price up or down. When trading sessions overlap, the market is more active, liquidity increases and the price becomes more volatile. This is want you want as a trader. You want to be capturing significant price trends to maximize your potential to profit.

When the price trends and closes higher or lower for the day or week, it usually starts earlier in the trading session. You also want to be able to get in and out of the market easily. So the best times of day to trade Forex is when it is highly liquid. Having said that, the Forex market is the most liquid market in the world. You can buy or sell at any time. Spreads are usually tighter at these times too, which reduces your trading costs. This is another reason why these times are the best times of day to trade Forex.

The best times of day to trade Forex by trading session Since there are three main trading sessions, there are three times each day that are the best times to trade Forex. Each trading session is not necessarily and equally the best time to trade though.

It really depends on what is happening in the market. Also, this does not mean you should trade every day or at each of these times. However, you will observe that these times often do provide the best times to trade. When you optimize your market timing and the entry and exit price, you can limit risk and maximize your potential to profit. It takes practice and experience but you can check your price charts and observe this in action. The image below shows the best times of day to trade Forex during daylight saving time.

You can convert these times to your local time or follow the time in the market watch window. Trading volumes and liquidity differs during each Forex trading session. Which means volatility will likely be higher or lower at certain times of the day and during each trading session.

Volumes, liquidity and volatility are also different between currency pairs. Some currency pairs are naturally more volatile than others. The most liquid and most volatile times to trade under normal market conditions is when the EU and US sessions overlap. Spreads are tighter during these times and the price tends to trend better too. In my opinion, the best opportunities can be found at the beginning of the US session. The second best times of day to trade are at the beginning of the EU session and the London open.

The least liquid time is during the Asian session. The Asian session is also categorized by lower volatility and wider spreads. This is particularly the case shortly after the market rolls over. If you open a trade around this time, your transaction cost will likely be higher. In my opinion, the Asian session is the third best time of day to trade Forex. The market tends to consolidate and become range bound during this time.

Of course, this all depends on your trading style and strategy….. The best currencies to trade and what times to trade them Now that you know when to look for the best trading opportunities, also consider what currencies to trade.

The best currencies to trade and at what time to trade them, is related to the trading session. Ideally, you would want to be following currencies that are active for the session. This is to name just a few but I think you get the idea. These are the most active trading sessions so it will be.

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