Public blockchains, like Ethereum, rely on an underlying peer-to-peer (P2P) network to disseminate transactions and blocks between nodes. Sybil attack is a threat to blockchains and P2P networks in general. Learn more what it is, how to prevent such attacks, and more in this. Sybil Attack is a type of attack seen in peer-to-peer networks in which a node in the network operates multiple identities actively at the. ETHEREUM AND WASM

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What Is a Sybil Attack? A Sybil attack is a type of malicious assault that targets peer-to-peer P2P networks. It involves a single entity operating multiple identities at the same time to get undue influence over the network's actions. This type of attack existed long before blockchain networks. Reminiscent of Dorsett's case, a Sybil attack involves multiple identities all being controlled by a single node in a network. Though the identities appear to be completely distinct nodes, the reality is that they all correspond to the same local entity.

This type of attack was initially used to gain excessive control over P2P systems. However, with the advent of blockchain, Sybil attacks became a lot more prevalent. A Sybil attack can be used to manipulate outcomes in a network, or it can disrupt a network's functioning entirely. Sybil attacks are usually classified into two main categories.

Direct Attacks A direct attack is the most straightforward. It starts with one or more nodes that spoof other nodes within the network. These nodes, which are called Sybil nodes, mimic the identity of an authentic node in the network. In a direct attack, other real nodes end up communicating directly with the Sybil nodes. Indirect Attacks An indirect attack involves both normal nodes and Sybil nodes. This node then becomes a malicious node that communicates with other nodes on behalf of the Sybil node.

An indirect attack allows the Sybil node to affect the network without being easily identifiable. A few false identities might seem relatively harmless, but as more develop, they can greatly harm a network. Here are some common examples of how a Sybil attack causes problems. Sybil Attacks Can Block Users From a Network The main concern with a Sybil attack is that it can create enough fake identities to completely overwhelm all the honest network nodes.

Once the Sybil nodes have control of the network, they can completely alter the way the network runs. The Sybil nodes can refuse to either transmit or receive blocks in a network. This ends up essentially blocking other users from being able to access the network. These attacks can temporarily cause a drop in crypto values, so they can be very problematic.

In fact, Ethereum's founder has stated that he plans to entirely change the crypto's algorithm simply due to the problems caused by recent Sybil attacks. These nodes can then outvote all the honest nodes within the network. This sort of Sybil attack tends to cause quite a few issues with voting on operational decisions in a network. The attack can be used to stop transactions from being confirmed, order new transactions, or even reverse transactions to cause double-spending. A Sybil Attack Can Compromise Privacy Nodes are responsible for handling the flow of information within a network, so any compromised node is a privacy risk.

A Sybil node can be used to retrieve information about other nodes within the network. At the very least, a Sybil attack can do things like obtaining users' IP addresses to create more fake nodes. When used on a P2P model like the Tor network, this privacy breach can be even more malicious. An attacker can use Sybil nodes to spy on data transfer and to monitor network traffic.

A widespread attack from — used servers to discover the data of hundreds of Tor users. This in turn defeated the entire purpose of Tor which was to guarantee anonymity. As you can see, a Sybil attack can cause all sorts of problems. Just about any P2P system can be harmed by a Sybil attack. Since a blockchain is a type of decentralized P2P network, a Sybil attack can affect it.

However, this doesn't necessarily mean that all blockchains are at risk of a Sybil attack. There are plenty of ways to protect against these attacks, so only certain types of blockchain need to worry about a Sybil attack.

In some cases, a Sybil attack can be devastating. For example, the cryptocurrency Verge suffered a massive Sybil attack in The attacker managed to perform the deepest reorganization ever of a blockchain. Over days' worth of transactions were deleted.

In response, Bittrex had to entirely pause the Verge wallet. There have also been instances of a Sybil attack being used to compromise blockchain privacy. Some types of crypto, like Monero , are focused on providing a private, secure method for completing transactions. In , an unidentified assailant used a Sybil attack to disrupt the network and link transactions to IP addresses. Though Monero was mostly able to halt the attack, some private user information was still leaked.

Since the blockchain is so large, the costs of adding so many fake nodes would outweigh most benefits of an attack. Furthermore, since new blocks are added at such a rapid rate in Bitcoin, an attacker has only a very small window to make alterations. How to Prevent a Sybil Attack Whether a blockchain is big or small, there are still plenty of ways to prevent a Sybil attack. Though a successful Sybil attack can definitely be intimidating, it's actually fairly easy to avoid.

Amazon sellers can buy fake reviews from accounts around the world. These pseudonyms are hard to detect and remove. While election meddling on Facebook and fake reviews on Amazon are bad enough, a successful Sybil attack against a blockchain or file transfer network would allow bad actors disproportionate control over the network.

If these fake identities receive recognition from the network, they might be able to vote on behalf of various proposals or interrupt the flow of information across the network. Sybil nodes try to influence informaiton flow across a network Sybil nodes might also surround and try to influence the information reaching other nodes on the network, gradually influencing the ledger or database through censorship.

Prevention Blockchains and peer networks have various options when it comes to preventing Sybil attacks. Each option comes with its own benefits and drawbacks. Hybrid approaches to Sybil prevention, incorporating each of three key elements, are common to address concerns. Cost to Create an Identity The first way to mitigate a Sybil attack is to raise the cost of creating a new identity. Since identities can map to entities on a many to one ratio, we need a way to make it resource intensive to create too many identities.

The challenge here, though, is there are many legitimate reasons why you might want to operate multiple identities. Redundancy, resource sharing, reliability, and anonymity are all good reasons to create multiple identities on a peer network. Instead, it should be just enough to make it unfeasible to create many identities in a short period of time.

Blockchains use the cost of creation as a Sybil protection feature through mining. This attaches a significant cost to adding hundreds or thousands of pseudonymous nodes that might be able to influence the adoption of a fork or other blockchain vote. The same goes for proof of stake, where purchasing computing power is replaced by staking currency.

That resource requirement limits the number of accounts a bad actor can create. Chain of Trust A second way to fight Sybil attacks is requiring some type of trust before allowing a new identity to join the network. This usually takes the form of a reputation system, where only established, long-term users can invite or vouch for new entrants to the network.

Other variations rely on a probationary system where new accounts are possible but they must remain active and unique for a certain period before they receive voting privileges.

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Related topics The term 'consensus mechanism' is often used colloquially to refer to 'proof-of-stake', 'proof-of-work' or 'proof-of-authority' protocols. However, these are just components in consensus mechanisms that protect against Sybil attacks. Consensus mechanisms are the complete stack of ideas, protocols and incentives that enable a distributed set of nodes to agree on the state of a blockchain. Prerequisites To better understand this page, we recommend you first read our introduction to Ethereum.

What is consensus? By consensus, we mean that a general agreement has been reached. Consider a group of people going to the cinema. If there is no disagreement on a proposed choice of film, then a consensus is achieved. If there is disagreement, the group must have the means to decide which film to see. In extreme cases, the group will eventually split. What is a consensus mechanism?

The term consensus mechanism refers to the entire stack of protocols, incentives and ideas that allow a network of nodes to agree on the state of a blockchain. Ethereum uses a proof-of-stake-based consensus mechanism that derives its crypto-economic security from a set of rewards and penalties applied to capital locked by stakers. Problems that Sybil Attack causes It is quite common to think about why you should be concerned about these attacks. A few false entities might not seem to be very harmful to you, but in the long run, they can destroy a network completely!

Here are a few ways how Sybil Attacks cause problems. Block users from a network One of the major concerns that people have regarding these attacks is that it creates a lot of fake identities to affect the authentic network nodes. Once they have all the control, they can impact every activity within the network. Naturally, this way, it is easier to block users from accessing the network. Did you know the Sybil attacks can cause a drop in the values of cryptos temporarily?

As a result, the dishonest nodes disrupt the remaining honest nodes. The attack may be used to prevent transactions from being confirmed, request new transactions, or even reverse transactions, resulting in double-spending. Compromise Privacy Because nodes are in charge of managing the flow of information inside a network, each hacked node poses a privacy risk. A Sybil node can be used to gather information about other network nodes.

When this privacy breach is used on a P2P model like the Tor network, the impact becomes larger. Sybil nodes can be used to transfer data and check the network traffic. From to , servers were utilized in a massive attempt to find the data of hundreds of Tor users. As a result, the fundamental objective of Tor, which was to provide anonymity, was undermined.

Now that we know that these attacks majorly concern P2P systems and since a blockchain is a combination of decentralized P2P networks, it is obvious that Sybil Attacks do pose threats to the blockchain. However, the question which might come to your mind is, are all the blockchains prone to such attacks?

Well, not really. Generally, it is seen that smaller blockchains are more susceptible as compared to bigger blockchains. The reason is that in bigger blockchains like Bitcoin, there will be huge costs that the attacker would have to incur to add fake nodes in it. He will not get much time to make alterations since blocks are added rapidly in larger blockchains. Now, let us proceed to Sybil Attack prevention. Sybil Attack: How to prevent it? Irrespective of whether the blockchain is big or small, you can prevent it in many ways.

Let us discuss a few of those ways below: Create a reputation system Because this form of assault is typically carried out by a flood of new identities, one method for limiting attacks is to establish a reputation system in which various members have varying amounts of influence. Those who have been in the system for a long time often have the capacity to execute more interactions. Validate the identites Multiple techniques are used to validate the identities. While some blockchains rely on direct validation, others depend on indirect validation.

The table below shows the difference between the two. Direct Validation Each new identity is validated by a central authority. Previously accepted identities advocate for new identities Requires new users to provide information such as a phone number, IP address, or even a credit card Is more resistant to identity proxies like phone number, IP address, credit card, etc.

Simple, fairly-reliable and fast More susceptible to IP address spoofing Less susceptible to IP address spoofing Use Social Trust Graphs A social trust graph operates by carefully evaluating node connection data.

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