The Ethereum blockchain is described as containing "ommer" blocks, usually called "uncle" blocks by the general public. Index Terms—Blockchain, GHOST, Ethereum, Uncle Blocks,. Selfish Mining. I. INTRODUCTION. Since the release of Bitcoin in [1], many blockchain-. In Ethereum, uncle blocks are valid Proof-of-Work solutions which do not become the head of the blockchain, yet yield rewards if later referenced by main. FLOSS CRYPTO

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So what causes the chain to split or duplicate blocks to be created? The cause of uncle, orphan or stale block are mainly due to network configuration or network lag or latency. In Bitcoin an orphaned block is a block that is not accepted or not part of the longest chain.

It usually happens when two or more miners solve a block at a similar time. Just like any other blocks; orphan blocks are legitimate, verified, valid and it was originally accepted by the network at one point of time. However since they are no longer active and there is no known ancestor they are rejected from the actual blockchain.

Orphan block can also be called as detached blocks as it is segregated from the main network. So how does the network determines which block is valid and which to orphan? A block that has a greater Proof of Work will get accepted and the one with the lower share of PoW will be discarded.

As a result the miner that is responsible for the orphan block loses their reward. In the Bitcoin blockchain network every once in a while there will be blocks that will get orphaned. Stale Block Most miners think Stale block and Orphan block are both the same. No, they are not and do not confuse them. Orphan block are blocks on the shorter chain and as its parent is not known it cannot be validated. If the Bitcoin network is presented with 2 different versions of blockchain the longest chain is the preferred version and the smallest chain will be rejected.

Also in any given network the longest chain is the valid one and it is the king. That is where the majority of miners will be working on. At any time you or your pool may fork the network and with the higher hash power the main chain will overtake the side chain. Now the miners who continue to work on this block are called mining on stale block.

Stale blocks are nothing but old blocks that are already discovered or mined. So anyone working on stale block is not eligible for rewards. Uncle Block Now Uncle block are similar to orphan block in Bitcoin but there are some differences. To understand the concept of uncle block consider blockchain as family tree. However they are not included in the longest chain. In Ethereum network as well as other Ethash coins a Uncle is called as a block. Ethereum protocol is designed in such a way that it encourages miners who find these uncle blocks orphan.

Why is that? No gaps are allowed. Number 1 is always followed by number 2 which is followed by 3 and then 4, and so on. This means that at that moment all miners worldwide are trying to solve the same block — In the course of a few seconds or even milliseconds, all nodes in the network get information about block The block goes through the verification process to make sure there is no fraud, and then the nodes wait for the next block — But what happens if two miners solve block at the same time?

Miner A solved the block a bit earlier and sent the information about the block to 60 nodes. Miner B finished later and sent the information to only 40 nodes. Does it mean that miner A wins against miner B? Not necessarily. Cryptocurrency networks are protected against this type of fraud. In reality, it can vary from a few seconds to even a few hours. For example, it may depend on how fast blocks are being processed or how fast nodes exchange data with one another. Miner A and miner B solved block at the same time.

At this point both blocks are completely legitimate and valid. After that, miners that followed miner A found 2 more blocks, while miners that followed miner B found 3 more blocks. So which chain is the valid one? The solution is simple. Do you remember that the blockchain is organized in the form of an index?

Block found by miner B is added to the list, as well as the next 3 blocks found by its followers — , and This block gets cut off and remains without a parent, so it is called an orphan block. Good news is that it has 2 children — the two blocks that were found afterwards. Bad news is that these blocks are useless, so they are known as stale blocks.

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All About Ethereum - Uncles

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